S12 — District Heating and Cooling (I-P)

District heating and cooling (DHC) or district energy (DE) distributes thermal energy from a central source to residential, commercial, and/or industrial consumers for use in space heating, cooling, water heating, and/or process heating. The energy is distributed by steam or hot- or chilled-water lines. Thus, thermal energy comes from a distribution medium rather than being generated onsite at each facility. SYSTEM MASTER PLANNING Economic Considerations CENTRAL PLANT Heating and Cooling Production Chilled-Water Distribution Design Considerations DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Hydraulic Considerations Thermal Considerations Methods of Heat Transfer Analysis Expansion Provisions Distribution System Construction CONSUMER INTERCONNECTIONS Direct Connections Indirect Connections Steam Connections Components Temperature Differential Control Operation and Maintenance